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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis

Published on: May 23, 2021

Candida Spondylodiscitis After Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection: A Case Report.

Hyeryung Kang¹, Jeongeun Lee¹

¹Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, VHS (Veterans Health Service) Medical Center, Seoul, KOR.

|November 26, 2025

Summary

A rare fungal infection, Candida albicans spondylodiscitis, occurred after transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI). Early diagnosis and surgical biopsy are crucial for spinal infections unresponsive to antibiotics, especially in elderly patients.

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Neurosurgery
Radiology

Background:

Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is common for lumbar radicular pain.

Keywords:

candida albicans discitis epidural injections invasive fungal infections spondylitis

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Fungal spinal infections are rare but serious complications following TFESI.

Prompt diagnosis and management are essential for favorable outcomes.