Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

2.0K
The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart...
2.0K
Structure of Cardiac Muscles01:13

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

16.6K
Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and mostly have a single nucleus. Additionally, they are usually...
16.6K
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

1.3K
Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
1.3K
Specialized Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles01:27

Specialized Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles

3.9K
The primary role of cardiac muscles is to propel blood throughout the cardiovascular system. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, exhibit specialized characteristics that allow them to perform this function.
Cardiac muscle cells are smaller than skeletal muscles, averaging 10–20 mm in diameter and 50–100 mm in length. However, they have large energy demands for continuous contraction and relaxation. This energy is almost exclusively derived from aerobic metabolism of energy...
3.9K
Role of Proteins in the Human Body01:28

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

6.1K
Proteins are the building block of life. They are also  the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of many structural components that provide unique shapes and structures to animal cells, tissues, and organs. In addition, they also act as biological catalysts and carry out several anabolic and catabolic reactions. Notably, some proteins are chemical messengers and regulate many critical processes, such as metabolism, growth, and development. They...
6.1K
Regulation of the Cardiovascular System01:27

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

3.6K
The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Acute Depletion of Cited2 in Embryonic Stem Cells Disrupts Gene Networks Controlling Self-Renewal, Homeostasis, and Early Cell Fate Commitment.

Cells·2026
Same author

A New Variant in the NALCN Channel Is Responsible for Cerebellar Ataxia and Cognitive Impairment.

Genes·2025
Same author

Novel and deleterious nucleotide variations in the HAND1 gene probably affect miRNA target sites and protein function in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease.

Molecular biology reports·2024
Same author

Assessing cognitive decline in the aging brain: lessons from rodent and human studies.

npj aging·2023
Same author

Charting the Path: Navigating Embryonic Development to Potentially Safeguard against Congenital Heart Defects.

Journal of personalized medicine·2023
Same author

Interferon-Alpha Decreases Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Modulates Exosomes in Malignant Melanoma.

Cancers·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart
10:56

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart

Published on: March 26, 2015

21.9K

CITED Proteins in Cardiac Development and Lifelong Heart Function.

José Bragança1,2,3, Rute Luísa Cabrita Pinto1,2, Igor Ventura1

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), Campus Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

CITED proteins are crucial for vertebrate development, especially heart formation. CITED2 deficiency causes congenital heart disease, but CITED2 and CITED4 may offer new therapeutic avenues for heart conditions.

Keywords:
CITED1CITED2CITED4congenital heart diseaseheart developmentheart diseases

More Related Videos

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
13:13

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

Published on: September 23, 2014

30.8K
Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region
06:55

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Published on: September 23, 2014

9.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart
10:56

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart

Published on: March 26, 2015

21.9K
High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
13:13

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

Published on: September 23, 2014

30.8K
Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region
06:55

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Published on: September 23, 2014

9.8K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • CITED proteins are transcriptional modulators vital for vertebrate development.
  • They interact with transcription factors and co-activators, featuring a conserved domain binding CBP/p300.
  • CITED gene expression is prominent in embryonic cardiac development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze CITED proteins, their interactors, and target genes in cardiogenesis and heart disease.
  • To explore the role of CITED2 and CITED4 in cardiac development and disease.
  • To highlight potential therapeutic applications of CITED proteins in cardiovascular conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing research on CITED proteins.
  • Examination of gene expression patterns during embryogenesis.
  • Review of studies linking CITED protein function to congenital heart disease and cardiac adaptation.

Main Results:

  • CITED2 loss-of-function is strongly linked to congenital heart malformations in animal models and humans.
  • CITED2 and CITED4 are implicated in regulating physiological adaptations and stress responses in the heart.
  • Specific CITED-target genes relevant to cardiogenesis and heart disease were identified.

Conclusions:

  • CITED2 plays a critical role in heart development, and its dysfunction leads to congenital heart disease (CHD).
  • CITED2 and CITED4 show potential as therapeutic targets for mitigating CHD and preserving cardiac function.
  • Further research into CITED proteins may yield novel strategies for treating heart disease.