Emerging Trends in Mid-Range Nursing Theories: A Scoping Review

Background: Nursing research has evolved through different historical stages, from the initial development of theoretical models to today's challenges involving advanced practice and emerging technologies. Within this context, Middle-Range Nursing Theories (MRNTs) play a crucial role as a bridge between abstract conceptual frameworks and clinical practice. However, their recent production appears limited. Aims: To identify MRNTs published in the last five years, determine the main thematic fields addressed, and analyze current trends in their development. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Databases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Education Research Complete (August 2025). Eligible studies were published within the last five years in journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports and explicitly proposed an MRNT. Exclusion criteria encompassed non-nursing theories, secondary applications of existing models, and purely methodological studies. Results: From 1230 initial records, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. The Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem accounted for the highest number of publications. The identified MRNTs predominantly addressed clinical diagnoses and phenomena such as heart failure self-care, overweight, occupational stress, peripheral tissue perfusion, and social support networks. Most theories were derived from established nursing models (Orem, Roy, Levine, Neuman, Watson). Despite thematic diversity, few MRNTs had undergone methodological validation. Conclusions: Recent MRNT development remains limited and geographically concentrated, with Brazil emerging as a leading contributor. Strengthening methodological validation, clinical integration, and international dissemination is essential, as MRNTs continue to be pivotal tools for advancing nursing science, reinforcing disciplinary identity, and reducing the persistent gap between theory and practice.