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ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
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ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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Should Australia Adopt a Groningen Like Protocol?

Kerstin Knight1

  • 1Department of History and Philosophy of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. kerstin.knight@unimelb.edu.au.

Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
|November 26, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal euthanasia, including withholding nutrition, is practiced in Victoria. This paper argues for regulated lethal injection as a more humane alternative to starvation for terminally ill newborns, reducing suffering.

Keywords:
Action/Omission distinctionAssisted dyingBioethicsDoctrine of double effectEuthanasiaGroningen protocolHypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE)Neonatal palliative careWithdrawal of treatmentWithholding of nutrition and hydration

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Ethics
  • Neonatal Care
  • Palliative Care

Background:

  • Neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) presents complex ethical challenges.
  • Withholding nutrition and hydration for neonatal palliative care is currently practiced and considered legal in Victoria.
  • Existing practices raise questions about the most humane methods for end-of-life care in neonates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose the desirability of regulated legal provisions for hastening the death of newborns with catastrophic conditions.
  • To argue for lethal injection as a morally superior method compared to starvation in specific palliative care contexts.
  • To advocate for lethal injection as a legal treatment option and best practice in well-considered neonatal end-of-life scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a Victorian case study of neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE).
  • Ethical argumentation comparing methods of hastening death in neonatal palliative care.
  • Evaluation of suffering caused by different end-of-life interventions.

Main Results:

  • Withholding nutrition and hydration is a legally accepted practice in Victorian neonatal palliative care.
  • Different methods of hastening death result in varying levels of suffering.
  • Lethal injection is presented as a method causing less suffering than starvation.

Conclusions:

  • In cases where death is unavoidable or intended, lethal injection is morally preferable to starvation due to reduced suffering.
  • Well-regulated legal provisions, akin to the Groningen Protocol, could offer a more humane option for terminally ill newborns.
  • Lethal injection should be considered a legal treatment option and best practice in specific, carefully considered neonatal end-of-life situations.