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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

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Non-melanin pigmentation: A narrative review.

Pragya Ashok Nair1, Pooja Arora2, Chethana S Gurumurthy3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Pramukh Swami Medical College, Shree Krishna Hospital, Karamsad, Gujarat, India.

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Non-melanin pigmentary disorders are common skin conditions affecting color. This review categorizes and summarizes these conditions, emphasizing their recognition and treatment for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Hyperpigmentationmelaninmetalspigmentationxanthoderma

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Skin color is determined by biochromes including melanin, oxyhemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, and carotenoids.
  • Pigmentary disorders are classified into hypopigmentary, hyperpigmentary, and non-melanin types.
  • Non-melanin pigmentary conditions are frequently encountered but less discussed than melanin-related disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and categorize non-melanin pigmentary disorders.
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing these conditions for diagnosis and treatment.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of conditions presenting as non-melanin pigmentation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pigmentary disorders.
  • Categorization of non-melanin conditions based on etiology and color.
  • Synthesis of information on clinical presentation and management.

Main Results:

  • Non-melanin pigmentary disorders include blue, yellow (xanthoderma), green lesions, heavy metal pigmentation, and miscellaneous conditions like chromhidrosis and ochronosis.
  • These conditions can be localized to the skin or indicate underlying systemic diseases.
  • Recognition of these entities is crucial for appropriate patient management.

Conclusions:

  • Non-melanin pigmentary disorders represent a significant group of dermatological conditions.
  • Accurate identification and classification are essential for effective treatment strategies.
  • This review serves as a guide for clinicians managing patients with non-melanin pigmentation.