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Securing e-governance against shadow attacks with blockchain technology.

Priyanka Mishra1, Ganesan R2

  • 1Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Chennai, India.

Scientific Reports
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a blockchain framework to combat shadow attacks on digitally signed PDFs, enhancing e-government security. The new system effectively detects malicious documents, ensuring data integrity and trust in digital exchanges.

Keywords:
BlockchainE-governmentPDF filesShadow attack

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Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Blockchain Technology
  • Digital Signatures

Background:

  • Digitally signed PDFs are crucial for document integrity in e-government.
  • Shadow attacks exploit PDF specification flexibility to undermine digital signatures.
  • Existing defenses are inadequate against these sophisticated threats (CVE-2022-25641).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a blockchain-based validation framework for secure PDF document exchange.
  • To enhance authentication and confidentiality in e-government systems.
  • To address the vulnerabilities exposed by shadow attacks.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a blockchain-based validation framework.
  • Integration of keyless signature infrastructure for authentication.
  • Utilizing decentralized storage (IPFS/Filecoin) for large-scale document handling.

Main Results:

  • 100% detection accuracy for shadow-infected documents in private blockchain deployments.
  • Low latency (0.464-0.687 ms block creation) and high throughput (≈100 TPS).
  • 95-97% detection efficiency under simulated DoS and MiTM attacks.
  • 30% reduction in storage costs using decentralized storage for large files.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework provides a secure and scalable solution for PDF validation in e-government.
  • It effectively mitigates shadow attack risks while improving efficiency.
  • Enhances digital trust and reduces storage costs in electronic document exchange.