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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Area of Science:

  • Quantum sensing
  • Diamond magnetometry
  • Nanoscale physics

Background:

  • Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are established nanoscale magnetic field sensors.
  • Single-qubit control enables measurement of time-averaged fields and noise.
  • Multi-qubit control offers advanced sensing capabilities like nonlocal correlators and enhanced sensitivity via entanglement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe protocols for using optically unresolved NV center pairs and nuclear spins as multi-qubit sensors.
  • To measure correlated magnetic noise at nanometre length scales.
  • To enhance sensitivity and spatial resolution in magnetic field correlation measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a phase-cycling protocol for noninteracting NV centers using a 13C nucleus qubit.
  • Creation of entangled Bell states via dipole-dipole coupling for direct readout of magnetic field correlations.
  • Demonstration of methods for detecting high spatial- and temporal-resolution correlators with interacting NV center pairs.

Main Results:

  • Disambiguation of magnetic correlations from variance fluctuations in noninteracting NV centers.
  • Achieved linear scaling of sensitivity with readout noise for entangled states, improving sensitivity by over an order of magnitude.
  • Demonstrated detection of high spatial- and temporal-resolution magnetic field correlators.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-qubit sensing with NV centers and nuclear spins enables precise measurement of correlated magnetic noise at the nanoscale.
  • Entangled states significantly enhance measurement sensitivity compared to independent measurements.
  • The developed protocols open new avenues for nanoscale magnetic sensing applications.