Disability prevalence and associated factors in Nigeria: policy implications and the path towards inclusive...

People with disabilities are a marginalized group, facing significant socio-economic and public health challenges in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. Understanding their characteristics is important for developing effective policies and interventions that promote inclusion and well-being.

This analysis drew data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, a nationally representative survey that included a disability module. The analytical sample comprised 67,663 household members aged 15 and older. Disability was assessed using the Washington Group Short Set (WGSS) questions. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the prevalence of disability among household members, and a logistic regression model examined the associated socio-demographic factors.

Nearly 12% of Nigerians aged 15 and older living in households have some level of disability, with 2% experiencing severe disabilities. The most prevalent types of disability were visual (8.8%) and mobility-related (3.7%). Disability prevalence varied by state and region, with Imo State reporting the highest rate (26.4%) and Kebbi State the lowest (2.6%). Factors such as those age 65+ (aOR; 23.79, 95% CI: 20.22-27.97), primary (aOR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.27) and post-secondary education (aOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.59-1.99), lower wealth (first quintile aOR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.99), residing in the Southeast (aOR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.13-1.61) or South-South region (aOR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.43-2.05), being widowed (aOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.36-1.71), living in female-headed households (aOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06-1.33), and household size (aOR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95-0.98) were significantly associated with disability.

The study underscores the necessity of tailored policies and programs to meet the diverse needs of people with disabilities in Nigeria. Interventions should prioritize equitable access to education, healthcare, employment, and public spaces, specifically addressing vulnerable subgroups. To achieve inclusion and well-being, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, it is essential to address socio-economic disparities, promote inclusive practices, and strengthen support systems.