Telomere-to-Telomere Gap-Free Genome Assembly and Comparative Analysis of the Opsariichthys bidens (Cypriniformes:...

Stream-dwelling fishes face diverse hydrological pressures, making the broadly distributed Opsariichthys bidens an ideal model for analyzing adaptive evolution. To elucidate its adaptation to a high-dissolved-oxygen and high-flow-velocity stream environment, a high-quality genome with comprehensive annotation is essential. In this study, we present the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) reference genome for O. bidens, constructed using PacBio HiFi, Oxford Nanopore Ultra-long, and Hi-C technologies. The assembled genome spans 841.96 Mb, comprising 38 chromosomes, each in a single contig (contig N50 = 22.42 Mb, 2.5-fold higher than the previous version), achieving a gap-free standard with 99.34% BUSCO completeness. Additionally, 38 centromeric sequences, 37 double-telomeric sequences, and 1 single-telomeric sequence were successfully identified, providing essential molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergence time of 13.5 million years between O. bidens and its closely related species Z. platypus, with collinearity analysis confirming their high genomic conservation. Gene family analysis revealed 350 expanded families enriched in pathways associated with adaptation to high-dissolved-oxygen environments (e.g., antioxidant defense, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial electron transport chain) and high-flow-velocity environments (e.g., exercise endurance, myocardial contraction, actin binding). Positive selection analysis further identified multiple pathways and key genes involved in mitochondrial optimization, oxygen utilization, and metabolic regulation. The T2T assembly greatly improves assembly continuity and enabling precise identification of centromeres and telomeres for O. bidens. These results provide a robust foundation for studying its adaptive evolution to stream environment.