Incompleteness of Electronic Health Records: An Impending Process Problem Within Healthcare

The digitization of health records was expected to improve data quality and accessibility, yet incompleteness remains a widespread challenge that undermines clinical care, interoperability, and downstream analytics.

Evidence shows that missing and under-recorded elements in electronic health records (EHRs) are largely driven by process gaps across patients, providers, technology, and policy-not solely by technical limitations.

This perspective integrates conceptual foundations of incompleteness, synthesizes cross-country evidence, and examines process-level drivers and consequences, with an emphasis on how missingness propagates bias in AI and machine learning systems. Contribution: We present a unifying taxonomy, highlight complementary approaches (e.g., Record Strength Score, distributional testing, and workflow studies), and we propose a pragmatic agenda for mitigation through technical, organizational, governance, and patient-centered levers.

While EHR incompleteness cannot be fully eliminated, it can be systematically mitigated through standards, workflow redesign, patient engagement, and governance-essential steps toward building safe, equitable, and effective learning health systems.