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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

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Published on: May 2, 2016

Experimental and Numerical Study on Various Liquid-Cooled Heat Sinks Including Topology Optimization.

Ge Shi^1,2, Yanwei Dai¹, Zhongjun Yu²

¹Institute of Electronics Packaging Technology and Reliability, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.

|November 27, 2025

Summary

Topology optimization significantly improves liquid-cooled heat sinks for millimeter-wave antennas. Optimized designs offer better thermal uniformity and lower pressure drop, enhancing performance and reliability in high-power applications.

Keywords:

heat dissipation liquid-cooled millimeter-wave antenna pressure drop topology optimization

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Area of Science:

Engineering
Thermal Management
Electromagnetics

Background:

Millimeter-wave antennas require efficient thermal management due to increasing power density and miniaturization demands.
Traditional heat sink designs struggle to meet the stringent thermal requirements of high-power millimeter-wave applications.
Effective heat dissipation is critical for ensuring the reliability and performance of these advanced antenna systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate and design an efficient liquid-cooled heat sink for millimeter-wave antenna array heat sources using topology optimization.
To minimize both average temperature and fluid dissipation in the heat sink design.
To compare the performance of the optimized heat sink with conventional designs.

Main Methods:

Topology optimization method was employed to design novel liquid-cooled heat sink channels with same-side inlet and outlet.
Experimental and numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate thermal and fluid characteristics.
A dedicated liquid-cooled experimental platform was developed to test designs under various flow rates.

Main Results:

Topology optimization channels demonstrated superior thermal uniformity and reduced pressure drop compared to series, parallel, pin rib, and tree channel designs.
Average heat source temperatures were 6% (Topology I) and 4% (Topology II) lower than conventional channels.
Topology I channels showed a 9% lower pressure drop than parallel channels, indicating balanced heat dissipation and flow resistance.

Conclusions:

Topology optimization provides an effective method for designing high-performance liquid-cooled heat sinks for millimeter-wave antennas.
The optimized designs offer significant improvements in thermal management, enhancing system reliability and performance.
This approach presents a practical solution for thermal challenges in miniaturized, high-power electronic systems.