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Author Spotlight: Revolutionizing Remote Surgery with Augmented Reality and Robotics for Enhanced Precision and Accessibility
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Projected Augmented Reality in Surgery: History, Validation, and Future Applications.

Nikhil Dipak Shah1, Lohrasb Sayadi1, Peyman Kassani1

  • 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Projected augmented reality (PAR) offers a hands-free surgical guidance system. Integrated with artificial intelligence (AI), PAR enhances surgical precision and collaboration for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
3D surface registrationaugmented reality in surgerycraniofacial surgery innovationglobal surgery and capacity buildingintraoperative visualizationmedical education technologymixed reality in healthcareprojection mapping in medicinesurgical navigation technology

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Area of Science:

  • Medical technology
  • Surgical innovation
  • Computer-assisted surgery

Background:

  • Projected Augmented Reality (PAR) provides a hands-free, universally visible surgical interface.
  • PAR offers advantages over head-mounted displays, including improved collaboration and ergonomics.
  • Integrating PAR with Artificial Intelligence (AI) can automate surgical planning and enhance guidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a PAR platform for intraoperative projection of surgical and anatomic markings.
  • To integrate AI for automated surgical landmark detection and marking design.
  • To assess the precision and usability of the PAR system in a surgical context.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a PAR system using structured light scanning and depth cameras for 3D anatomical reconstruction.
  • Digitally created surgical markings and projected them onto anatomical models with a projector.
  • Trained a machine learning model to detect cleft lip landmarks and automate surgical marking design.

Main Results:

  • The PAR system achieved sub-millimeter precision in projecting both surgeon and AI-generated markings.
  • Projections remained accurate and visible to the entire surgical team during movement.
  • The system demonstrated clear visibility without requiring wearable hardware for users.

Conclusions:

  • AI-integrated PAR delivers accurate, real-time, and shared intraoperative guidance.
  • This technology enhances surgical precision and offers potential for remote mentorship and global surgical training.
  • PAR represents a significant advancement in collaborative surgical interfaces.