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Late vs. Early Preeclampsia.

Maria Kariori1, Vasiliki Katsi1, Costas Tsioufis1

  • 11st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilisis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disorder with early-onset (EOPE) and late-onset (LOPE) forms. This review details their distinct causes, biomarkers, and treatments for better patient management.

Keywords:
early onsetgeneticslate onsetmanagement strategiespreeclampsia

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Reproductive Immunology

Background:

  • Preeclampsia (PE) is a significant hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.
  • PE presents with new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.
  • Early-onset PE (EOPE) and late-onset PE (LOPE) have distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and integrate current evidence differentiating EOPE and LOPE.
  • To highlight molecular, immunological, and hemodynamic distinctions between EOPE and LOPE subtypes.
  • To discuss evolving biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for PE management.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review integrating molecular, immunological, and hemodynamic data.
  • Analysis of evidence related to angiogenic imbalance (VEGF, PlGF, sFlt-1), oxidative stress, and immune modulation.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and emerging therapeutic approaches, including gene therapy.

Main Results:

  • EOPE is linked to abnormal placentation and impaired uteroplacental perfusion.
  • LOPE is primarily associated with maternal cardiovascular and metabolic predispositions.
  • Significant differences exist in angiogenic markers, oxidative stress, and immune responses between EOPE and LOPE.

Conclusions:

  • Gestational age-specific pathogenesis is crucial for understanding PE subtypes.
  • Distinguishing EOPE from LOPE informs risk stratification and early detection.
  • Precision-based management tailored to PE subtype pathogenesis offers improved outcomes.