ITAC and Non-ITAC Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma: Classification, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy Focusing on...

Sinonasal adenocarcinomas are rare malignant tumors arising from the epithelial lining of the sinonasal tract. They are classified into intestinal-type (ITAC) and non-intestinal-type adenocarcinomas (non-ITAC), with different histopathological features, aetiologies, and prognostic outcomes. Occupational exposure, particularly to wood and leather dust, is strongly linked to ITAC. Diagnosis requires a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging, histology, and immunohistochemical profiling. Due to the complexity of the sinonasal anatomy and the aggressive behaviour of these tumors, an early and accurate diagnosis is fundamental. Treatment usually involves surgical resection, often followed by radiotherapy, while the role of chemotherapy remains limited. This review outlines the classification, etiopathogenesis diagnosis and management strategies for sinonasal adenocarcinomas, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary approaches for optimal outcomes.