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Abnormal Drop Formation from Copper Films via Detachment.

Heng-Zhi Liu1, Xue-Qi Lv1, Xiong-Ying Li1,2

  • 1School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed abnormal liquid copper (Cu) drop formation on carbon substrates. This unusual behavior, driven by droplet and liquid bridge dynamics, offers insights into controlling drop formation via substrate engineering.

Keywords:
carbon substratescoalescencecopper liquid filmsdrop formationmolecular dynamics simulationspinch-off

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Liquid fluids typically merge to minimize surface energy.
  • Understanding anomalous fluid behavior is crucial for materials processing.
  • Drop formation dynamics on substrates are key to thin-film technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the abnormal drop formation process of liquid copper (Cu) on carbon substrates.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of pinch-off and coalescence in Cu droplet formation.
  • To explore the influence of substrate surface structure on Cu drop formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular dynamics simulations to model the behavior of contacted Cu liquid films.
  • Analyzed droplet motion, liquid bridge dynamics, and substrate interactions.
  • Examined surface structure effects using mean square displacement, velocity fields, and density/scaling profiles.

Main Results:

  • Observed an abnormal drop formation process involving consecutive pinch-off and full coalescence stages.
  • Identified dominant droplet motions and liquid bridge dynamics contributing to pinch-off and repeated coalescence.
  • Demonstrated that substrate surface structures, particularly carbon nanotubes, influence drop formation behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The abnormal Cu drop formation is attributed to the competition between droplet motion and liquid bridge dynamics.
  • Surface structure engineering of carbon substrates can control liquid metal drop formation.
  • Findings provide guidance for manipulating drop formation in advanced materials applications.