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SelectVote Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Evidence Custody: Virtual Voting Consensus with Environmental Compensation.

Belinda I Onyeashie1, Petra Leimich1, Sean McKeown1

  • 1School of Computing, Engineering & the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces SelectVote Byzantine Fault Tolerance, a novel consensus protocol for secure digital evidence custody. It ensures deterministic finality and legal admissibility by improving scalability and measurement precision.

Keywords:
byzantine fault toleranceconsensus mechanismsdigital evidence custodydirected acyclic graphdistributed ledger technologyenvironmental compensationevidence chain of custodyforensic evidence managementvirtual votingweight verification

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Cryptography
  • Forensic Science

Background:

  • Digital evidence custody demands consensus protocols with immediate, deterministic finality for legal admissibility.
  • Traditional Byzantine fault tolerance protocols have poor scalability due to quadratic communication overhead.
  • Probabilistic ledger systems introduce confirmation uncertainty, weakening custody verification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a deterministic consensus protocol, SelectVote Byzantine Fault Tolerance, for secure digital evidence custody.
  • To address the scalability limitations of conventional Byzantine fault tolerance protocols.
  • To enhance the legal defensibility of digital evidence through improved custody verification and physical integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Developed SelectVote Byzantine Fault Tolerance, a protocol inferring virtual votes from graph structure to avoid explicit message exchange.
  • Implemented a fixed, hash-based selection process for assigning validation witnesses in permissioned forensic networks.
  • Created an environmental compensation framework to correct measurement drift in precision weight verification.

Main Results:

  • SelectVote demonstrated sub-quadratic communication scaling (O(n1.7)), outperforming traditional O(n2) Byzantine protocols while maintaining resilience.
  • The environmental compensation framework preserved sub-gram accuracy in weight measurements under varying environmental conditions.
  • The integrated system achieved high throughput with deterministic finality and consistent measurement precision.

Conclusions:

  • The SelectVote protocol offers a scalable and resilient solution for deterministic consensus in digital evidence custody.
  • The environmental compensation framework ensures the physical integrity of evidence through precise weight verification.
  • The combined system provides reliable, legally defensible digital evidence custody across distributed institutions.