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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors
Published on: January 29, 2013
Zhenyu Zhang1,2, Abu Bakar Dawood3, Georgios Violakis4
1Department of Fiber Optical Sensor Systems, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Am Stollen 19H, 38640 Goslar, Germany.
This study introduces a novel flexible sensor foil using polymer optical waveguides to restore tactile feedback in minimally invasive surgery. The sensor accurately measures forces and reconstructs tissue stiffness and texture, enhancing surgical precision.
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