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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Oedema Quantification: An Ex Vivo Porcine Skin Model.

Mariana Castro-Montano1, Meha Qassem1, Panayiotis A Kyriacou1

  • 1Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City St George's, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers a new, accurate method for assessing neonatal edema. This non-invasive technique quantifies tissue water content, overcoming limitations of current visual assessments in critically ill infants.

Keywords:
PLSnear-infrared spectroscopyoedema monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical optics
  • Neonatal critical care
  • Medical instrumentation

Background:

  • Edema is common in critically ill neonates, indicating serious systemic conditions.
  • Current visual assessment is subjective and inaccurate; alternative methods are unsuitable for neonates.
  • Accurate edema assessment is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment in neonatal intensive care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as a quantitative tool for assessing neonatal edema.
  • To compare NIRS performance with existing assessment methods.
  • To establish optimal NIRS configurations for accurate water content measurement in edematous tissue.

Main Methods:

  • An ex vivo porcine skin model was used to induce controlled edema via phosphate-buffered saline injection.
  • Continuous spectroscopic data were collected using NIRS with optical fibers in perpendicular and parallel configurations.
  • Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was employed to develop predictive models for water content, comparing it with Ridge Regression (RR) and Support Vector Regression (SVR).

Main Results:

  • The parallel optical fiber configuration demonstrated superior performance in the NIRS assessment of edema.
  • PLS regression models achieved high accuracy, with R² = 0.97 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 0.15 in the parallel configuration.
  • NIRS effectively quantified water accumulation in the induced edematous tissue.

Conclusions:

  • Near-infrared spectroscopy shows significant potential as a reliable and quantitative method for neonatal edema assessment.
  • The study highlights the effectiveness of NIRS in overcoming the subjectivity and inaccuracy of current clinical practices.
  • Further validation in clinical settings is warranted to integrate NIRS into neonatal intensive care.