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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

869
The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
869

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Outdoor Microphone Range Tests and Spectral Analysis of UAV Acoustic Signatures for Array Development.

Gabriel Jekateryńczuk1, Zbigniew Piotrowski1

  • 1Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The RØDE NTG-2 microphone with a WS6 windshield offers the best hardware for detecting unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) acoustically. It improves detection range and reduces noise in windy conditions.

Keywords:
acoustic UAV detectionmicrophone arrayoutdoor field measurementsspectral analysisunmanned aerial vehicle

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustic sensing
  • Hardware engineering
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) detection

Background:

  • Acoustic sensing presents a passive and cost-effective method for UAV detection.
  • Microphone hardware is a critical component influencing the performance of signal processing and AI-based detection algorithms.
  • Improving microphone hardware is essential for enhancing the reliability of acoustic UAV detection systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a detection-focused comparison of various microphones for outdoor UAV detection.
  • To evaluate microphone hardware performance based on key metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio and effective detection range.
  • To establish a practical hardware baseline for acoustic UAV detection systems.

Main Methods:

  • Outdoor testing of multiple microphones with calibrated range measurements.
  • Spectral analysis of acoustic emissions from three different UAV platforms.
  • Reporting hardware metrics including signal-to-noise ratio, effective detection range, attenuation slope, and low-frequency background noise floor.

Main Results:

  • The RØDE NTG-2 with WS6 windshield demonstrated balanced performance across different wind conditions and source orientations.
  • This combination extended detection range by 31-131% in strong winds compared to the bare NTG-2.
  • It also lowered the low-frequency noise floor by 2-3 dB and improved signal-to-noise ratio by 1.8-4.4 dB.

Conclusions:

  • The RØDE NTG-2 + WS6 configuration provides a robust hardware foundation for acoustic UAV detection.
  • A proposed eight-channel, dual-tier array of these elements can achieve near-hemispherical coverage and phase coherence.
  • This setup establishes a reproducible hardware baseline for future UAV localization and classification studies.