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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Autism: Associations, Causal Inference, and Interventions-A Narrative Review.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gut symptoms are linked via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This review explores this connection, evaluating interventions like probiotics for targeted autism research.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents significant heterogeneity, often co-occurring with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.
  • GI symptoms in ASD can correlate with behavioral phenotypes, suggesting a biological link.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize evidence on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in ASD.
  • To differentiate association from causation and evaluate confounding factors.
  • To summarize interventions and propose future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of clinical, mechanistic, and interventional studies.
  • Literature search from January 2010 to July 2025.
  • Analysis of communication routes (neural, immune, endocrine) and metabolites (SCFAs, tryptophan-kynurenine).

Main Results:

  • The microbiota-gut-brain axis offers plausible bidirectional communication pathways in ASD.
  • Current evidence often supports association, with causation requiring further investigation.
  • Interventions like probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation show potential but need more rigorous study.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota significantly influences ASD phenotypes through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
  • Future research should focus on precision medicine, stratifying patients and targeting specific pathways for effective interventions.