The Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Support Dietetic Practice Across Primary Care: A Scoping Review of the...

Background/objectives: The nutrition care process (NCP) is an evidence-based practice framework used in Medical Nutrition Therapy for the prevention, treatment, and management of non-communicable chronic health conditions. This review aimed to explore available artificial intelligence (AI)-integrated technologies across the NCP in dietetic primary care, their uses, and their impacts on the NCP and patient outcomes. Method: Six databases were searched: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, IEEE, and ACM digital library. Eligible studies were published between January 2007 and August 2024 and included human adult studies, AI-integrated technologies in the dietetic primary care setting, and patient-related outcomes. Extracted details focused on participant characteristics, dietitian involvement, and the type of AI system and its application in the NCP. Results: Ninety-seven studies were included. Three different AI systems (image or audio recognition, chatbots, and recommendation systems) were found. These were implemented in web-based or smartphone applications, wearable sensor systems, smart utensils, and software. Most AI-integrated technologies could be incorporated into one or more NCP stages. Seventy-nine studies reported user- or patient-related outcomes, with mixed findings, but all highlighted efficiencies of using AI. Higher patient engagement was observed with Chatbots. Seventeen studies raised concerns encompassing ethics and patient safety. Conclusions: AI systems show promise as a clinical support tool across most stages of the NCP. Whilst they have varying degrees of accuracy, AI demonstrates potential in improving efficiency, supporting personalised nutrition, and enhancing chronic disease management outcomes. Integrating AI education into dietetic training and professional development will be essential to ensure safe and effective use in practice.