Magnesium: Health Effects, Deficiency Burden, and Future Public Health Directions

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Human Physiology
• Nutritional Science

Background:

• Magnesium (Mg²⁺) is an essential cation vital for numerous enzymatic reactions.
• Low magnesium status is linked to chronic conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and inflammation.
• Despite its importance, magnesium deficiency is a prevalent global health concern.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current evidence on magnesium metabolism and physiological functions.
• To examine the health consequences of magnesium deficiency.
• To discuss global magnesium status, dietary factors, and potential interventions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review synthesizing current scientific evidence.
• Analysis of global magnesium status, including biomarker limitations.
• Exploration of dietary sources, supplementation, and innovative strategies.

Main Results:

• Magnesium is critical for energy metabolism, neuromuscular function, cardiovascular health, and more.
• Suboptimal magnesium intake is widespread and associated with numerous chronic diseases.
• Effective strategies for optimizing magnesium balance are available and needed.

Conclusions:

• Magnesium plays a fundamental role in maintaining health and preventing disease.
• Addressing widespread magnesium deficiency is a critical public health priority.
• Integrated strategies are necessary to improve magnesium status at individual and population levels.