Copper-cysteamine nanoparticles in cancer treatment: a systematic review

Copper-cysteamine nanoparticles (Cu-Cy NPs) represent an innovative approach for cancer therapy due to their unique ability to be activated by multiple physical and chemical stimuli. This review systematically evaluates studies investigating Cu-Cy NPs in combination with chemical agents and diverse energy sources, including X-rays, UV light, microwaves, and ultrasound. A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to August 2025 identified 18 relevant studies encompassing both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Across these studies, Cu-Cy NPs consistently suppressed tumor growth and triggered cancer cell death by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced therapeutic effects when combined with co-treatments such as disulfiram, potassium iodide, and other adjunct therapies. The multi-modal activation of Cu-Cy NPs, along with their ability to enhance existing therapeutic approaches, demonstrates a novel strategy in cancer treatment that integrates chemical and physical mechanisms for maximal efficacy. These findings underscore the nanoparticles' potential to transform current oncology strategies, offering targeted, versatile, and personalized therapeutic options. Continued investigation is essential to fully elucidate their mechanisms, optimize treatment protocols, and translate these promising preclinical results into safe and effective clinical applications.