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Enhancing the LEACH protocol and lightweight chaotic cryptography for secure data transmission in wireless sensor

Mohsen Zarei1, Mohammad Hosein Fatehi Dindarlou2, Mehdi Taghizadeh1

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.

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|November 27, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces a hybrid framework for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using novel optimization and cryptography techniques. The proposed method enhances network lifespan, throughput, and security while reducing energy consumption.

Keywords:
Cluster head selection (CHS)Fuzzy logicLightweight chaos-based cryptographySpecifically giza pyramids (GPC)Wild horse optimization (WHO)Wireless sensor networks (WSN)

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Network Security

Background:

  • Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) face critical challenges in energy efficiency, network longevity, and data security due to limited node resources and insecure communication channels.
  • Existing WSN protocols often struggle to balance these competing demands, leading to premature network failure and data vulnerabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an innovative hybrid framework for WSNs that optimizes cluster head selection and enhances communication security.
  • To improve energy efficiency, extend network lifespan, and increase data throughput in resource-constrained WSN environments.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of Wild Horse Optimization (WHO) and Giza Pyramids Construction (GPC) meta-heuristic algorithms for dynamic cluster optimization.
  • Application of fuzzy logic (Mamdani inference) for intelligent cluster head (CH) selection based on residual energy, node proximity, and base station distance.
  • Implementation of a novel chaos-based lightweight cryptography scheme with XOR iteration loops and chaotic shifts for secure data transmission.

Main Results:

  • The proposed framework significantly extends network lifespan by 53.75% (vs. LEACH) and 14.73% (vs. GPC).
  • Throughput is increased by approximately 2380 packets, an 18% improvement over Firefly Algorithm-based methods.
  • Achieves high security with NPCR > 99.5% and entropy near 8 bits, while exhibiting 15% lower energy overhead compared to AES-based methods.

Conclusions:

  • The hybrid framework provides a scalable, energy-efficient, and secure solution for WSNs.
  • This approach substantially outperforms traditional WSN protocols in key performance metrics.
  • The integration of meta-heuristic optimization and chaos-based cryptography offers a promising direction for future WSN research and development.