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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Scaffold-Mediated Microenvironmental Modulation Targeting Osteoclasts for ONFH Niche Reprogramming.

Hongyu Quan1,2,3, Yuwei He4, Pengcheng Xiao1,2,3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.

Research (Washington, D.C.)
|November 28, 2025
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Summary

Bioactive scaffolds offer new hope for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) by targeting its complex microenvironment. Future strategies may leverage osteoclast heterogeneity for enhanced bone regeneration.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) involves bone microenvironment dysregulation, including poor remodeling, angiogenesis, and osteoimmunity.
  • Current hip-preserving surgeries for ONFH, like core decompression with grafting, have limited long-term efficacy due to synthetic scaffolds' inability to address the pathological microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in bioactive scaffolds designed to modulate the ONFH microenvironment and improve regenerative outcomes.
  • To explore the role of osteoclast heterogeneity in ONFH and its potential for future therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on bioactive scaffolds functionalized with small molecules, growth factors, stem cells, exosomes, and metal ions.
  • Discussion of emerging evidence on osteoclast heterogeneity and its influence on cellular processes relevant to ONFH.

Main Results:

  • Bioactive scaffolds show promise in regulating cellular behaviors and signaling pathways within the ONFH microenvironment.
  • Osteoclasts exhibit heterogeneity, impacting resorption, angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and immune regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Bioactive scaffolds represent a promising framework for targeted microenvironmental modulation in ONFH.
  • Harnessing osteoclast heterogeneity may offer novel therapeutic avenues for restoring the osteonecrotic niche and promoting functional bone regeneration.