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Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices
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Simulation and comparison of vortex generation and fluid force during underwater and surface breaststroke kicks using

Takahiro Tanaka1, Taisei Hayashi2, Tadao Isaka1

  • 1Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Japan; Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Japan.

Journal of Biomechanics
|November 28, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
Drag coefficientHuman swimmingVolume of field methodVortex phenomenaWave drag effect

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