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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

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Capturing atomic wetting dynamics in real time.

George T Tebbutt¹, Christopher S Allen^1,2, Anna Fabijańska³

¹Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Nature Communications

|November 28, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Metallic nanowire growth in carbon nanotubes is a two-stage process: curvature-driven nucleation and capillary-driven elongation. This study reveals critical wetting dynamics for fabricating advanced nanomaterials.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Surface Science

Background:

Atomic-scale wetting is crucial for nanoscale material formation but poorly understood under confinement.
Classical capillarity models fail to explain phenomena like metallic nanowire growth within carbon nanotubes.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanism of metallic nanowire formation within multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).
To investigate the role of nanoscale wetting and phase transitions in vapour-phase nanowire growth.

Main Methods:

In situ atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy (ARTEM) was employed to observe nanowire growth.
A deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed to classify Sn_xO phase transitions (liquid, solid, intermediate).

Main Results:

Nanowire formation follows a two-stage mechanism: curvature-driven nucleation and capillary-driven elongation.
Growth necessitates a wetting interface (contact angle <90°) between liquid Sn_xO and the nanotube wall.
Direct observation captured thermally induced nanowire growth dynamics within CNTs.

Conclusions:

The study establishes a predictive framework for vapour-phase nanowire encapsulation.
It links nanoscale wetting dynamics to the fabrication of advanced nanomaterials, challenging existing models like Kelvin and Lucas-Washburn.