Compact and high-resolution spectrometer via Brillouin integrated circuits

Optical spectrometers are indispensable tools across various fields, from chemical and biological sensing to astronomical observations and quantum technologies. However, the integration of spectrometers onto photonic chips has been hindered by the low spectral resolution or large device footprint with complex multiple channel operations. Here, we introduce a chip-integrated spectrometer by leveraging the acoustically-stimulated Brillouin scattering in a hybrid photonic-phononic chip. The Brillouin interaction provides a dynamic reflection grating with a high reflectivity up to 50% and a fast switching time on the microsecond scale, achieving a spectral resolution of 0.56 nm over a 110 nm bandwidth using just a single 1 mm-long straight waveguide. This performance approaches the fundamental limit of resolution for a given device size, validating the potential of the hybrid photonic-phononic device for efficient and dynamically-reconfigurable spectral analysis, and thus opens up the avenues for advanced optical signal processing and sensing applications.