Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 9, 2026
Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
Published on: February 7, 2018
Optimal timing to assess exercise-induced oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Chrysovalantis Stachteas1, Nikolaos Georgogiannis1, George G Nastos1
1Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece.
None:
There is a lack of consensus on optimal timing to assess redox biomarkers post-exercise, limiting methodological standardisation and linking oxidative stress to physiology. We determined optimal post-exercise oxidative stress assessment times using three redox biomarkers: glutathione, F2-isoprostanes and protein carbonyls. Standardised mean differences were calculated using random-effects models, with 95% confidence and prediction intervals. Risk of bias was assessed via RoB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Egger's test and funnel plots evaluated publication bias. Certainty of evidence was rated using GRADE. PROSPERO preregistration: CRD42024508049. A total of 103 studies (n = 1418) were included. Glutathione levels decreased immediately (g = -0.70; 95% CI: -0.96, -0.44; P < 0.001), at 30 min to 2 h (g = -0.81; 95% CI: -1.19, -0.43; P < 0.001), and 48 h post-exercise (g = -0.98; 95% CI: -1.50, -0.46; P < 0.01). F2-isoprostanes increased immediately post-exercise (g = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.33; P < 0.001) and at 30 min to 2 h (g = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.69; P < 0.001). Protein carbonyls increased at all time points, especially at 48 h post-exercise (g = 1.17; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.60; P < 0.001), peaking at 72 h (g = 1.33; 95% CI: 0.52, 2.14; P = 0.0048). Subgroup analyses revealed that non-muscle-damaging exercise elicits responses immediately after exercise or within the first 2 h, while muscle-damaging exercise induces peaks at 48 and 72 h post-exercise. Egger's test indicated publication bias for F2-isoprostanes (P = 0.017) and protein carbonyls (P = 0.031) post-exercise. Risk of bias was moderate in randomised controlled trials and serious in non-randomised studies. Certainty of evidence ranged from moderate to high. In conclusion, non-muscle-damaging exercise elicits early responses within hours, while muscle-damaging protocols produce delayed peaks at 48-72 h. These findings support methodological consistency and are useful for optimising study design, sample size estimation and providing links between redox biology and physiological outcomes.
More Related Videos
06:19Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay
Published on: May 12, 2020
07:40Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training
Published on: October 10, 2019
Related Concept Videos
01:26Exercise Stress Test
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
01:20Exercise and Cardiovascular Response
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...