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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface
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Placental infection by SARS-CoV-2: exploring alternative entry pathways.

Carolina Lumi Tanaka Dino1, Barbara Maria Cavalli1, Carolline Konzen Klein2

  • 1Center for Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil.

Tissue Barriers
|November 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study investigated SARS-CoV-2 placental entry pathways, finding reduced NRP-1 and Clathrin expression and increased Cathepsin L in COVID-19 placentas. These alterations suggest alternative viral entry mechanisms beyond the canonical ACE2/TMPRSS2 pathway.

Keywords:
Endocytosismaternal–fetal interfaceplacentaviral entryviral infection

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 placental detection raises concerns about viral entry mechanisms.
  • The canonical ACE2/TMPRSS2 pathway may not be the sole route for placental infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate immunohistochemical expression of SARS-CoV-2 placental entry molecules (ADAM17, Cathepsin L, Clathrin, ACE-2, Furin, NRP-1, TMPRSS2).
  • To detect viral RNA in placental tissues using RT-qPCR.
  • To investigate potential alternative SARS-CoV-2 placental entry pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze protein expression in 75 COVID-19 and 19 control placental samples.
  • RT-qPCR detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in paraffin-embedded placental tissues.
  • Statistical analysis compared expression patterns between COVID-19 and control groups.

Main Results:

  • Significantly reduced NRP-1 expression was observed in decidua of the COVID-19 group (p < 0.001), including in RT-qPCR-positive samples (p = 0.001).
  • Clathrin expression was significantly reduced in decidual samples of the COVID-19 group (p = 0.05) and RT-qPCR-positive samples (p = 0.013).
  • Cathepsin L expression was significantly increased in placental villi of the COVID-19 group (p < 0.001) and RT-qPCR-positive samples (p = 0.005).

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest SARS-CoV-2 may utilize auxiliary and/or endocytic pathways for placental entry.
  • Altered expression of NRP-1, Clathrin, and Cathepsin L may play roles in SARS-CoV-2 placental interaction.
  • Further research is needed to understand the impact of these placental alterations in maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection.