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Updated: Jan 9, 2026
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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
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Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Antonio Cannata1, Maria Generosa Crespo-Leiro2, Daniel I Bromage1
1British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Science, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Cardiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Lancet (London, England)
|November 30, 2025
Summary
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) management has improved survival with guideline-directed therapies. Challenges remain in medication adherence and implementing personalized medicine for better heart failure outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Clinical Medicine
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Heart failure affects 70 million globally, with 2% prevalence in Europe/North America.
- Diagnosis requires symptoms, elevated natriuretic peptides, and cardiac imaging.
- Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) accounts for half of all cases.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an overview of current diagnostic and pharmacological management of HFrEF.
- To highlight progress in HFrEF treatment.
- To outline remaining challenges in HFrEF care.
Main Methods:
- Review of current diagnostic criteria for heart failure.
- Analysis of guideline-directed medical therapy for HFrEF.
- Discussion of contemporary pharmacological management strategies.
Main Results:
- Guideline-directed medical therapy has improved survival and quality of life for HFrEF patients.
- Foundational drug classes include RAS inhibitors/ARNIs, beta blockers, MRAs, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
- Despite advances, heart failure remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Conclusions:
- Effective management of HFrEF involves early initiation and uptitration of foundational therapies.
- Poor medication adherence and implementation gaps hinder optimal outcomes.
- Future directions include personalized medicine, multiomic profiling, and innovative clinical trials to address residual risk.
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