Extended reality in forensic sciences: An integrative review

The use of extended reality (XR), an umbrella term encompassing alternative reality technologies such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality, has become increasingly prevalent in various fields of literature over the last few decades. However, there is a limited understanding of XR utilization and integration in forensic science. This integrative review synthesized existing evidence on how XR is being utilized in forensic science. We performed literature searches in four databases and identified 21 articles published between 2010 and 2023 for final analysis. Bibliometric information indicates that most publications (81 %) were published between 2019 and 2023, predominantly in European regions (67 %), in non-forensic journals. Methodologically, qualitative approaches (67 %) were common in evaluating XR usability. Its applications are clustered into either practice (57 %) or education (43 %) domains. Virtual reality (67 %) was more prevalent in XR environments than augmented or mixed realities. Head-mounted devices are the main XR system used in forensic science. While XR offers promising practical and educational applications in forensic science, these findings underscore the need for more robust evidence and the development of transparent, repeatable, and standardized protocols that align with decision-making and accountability in forensic science.