A Systematic Review of Non-suicidal Self-Injury in India

Non-suicidal self-injury research has grown significantly, primarily in Western context. While reviews of NSSI literature exist for Western and developing countries, as well as South Asia, a systematic analysis focusing on NSSI within India specifically has not yet been undertaken. Given that the pattern of NSSI can differ across ethnic groups, gaining an in-depth understanding of NSSI in the Indian context is crucial. This systematic review aims to inform clinical practice and future research in India by examining the prevalence of NSSI, identifying key risk and protective factors, characterizing common methods of self-harm, and assessing the effectiveness of existing treatment approaches. An electronic literature search of all articles published in the English language, between January 2000 to December 2023 was conducted across five databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycNet). A total of 1,890 citations were identified from which 11 studies were selected for the present review. NSSI prevalence varied across demographics (adolescents, university students, adults), with onset age also showing variation. Key risk factors included family conflict, peer bullying, need for social acceptance, self-criticism and emotion regulation difficulties. Protective factors included strong self-esteem, social support, and nurturing environments. The need for culturally sensitive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for NSSI in India was highlighted. This review provides crucial insights for mental health professionals and researchers in India, informing more effective strategies for managing and reducing NSSI. This work contributes significantly to understanding NSSI within Indian context and directs future research toward culturally appropriate interventions.