Fatigue in ride-hailing and delivery workers in Indonesia: a scoping review and multi-stakeholder workshop

Ride-hailing and delivery work are major components of the gig economy but often involve long and unpredictable hours, making fatigue an inherent safety risk. This study aimed to identify solutions to mitigate fatigue and minimise its risk, using Indonesia as a case study. A two-stage methodology was applied: first, a scoping review identified proposed measures, then a two-day workshop with gig workers, platform companies, government representatives, and academics (n = 24) discussed their feasibility. Most identified measures were administrative in nature. Stakeholders diverged on employment status reclassification: workers supported it as a structural safeguard, whereas platform companies and government representatives resisted it due to economic and regulatory implications. Training was perceived as a feasible option by both parties. The results represent perceived feasibility rather than measured outcomes, highlighting the need for future research to evaluate real-world effectiveness, and reflect participants perspectives, with platform companies underrepresented and government voices more prominent.