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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. The axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron integrates all these signals and determines the likelihood of firing an action potential.
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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System
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High-Pass Filtering through Short-Term Synaptic Facilitation Amplifies Low-Frequency Modulation of Bursting Input.

Dirk M Bucher1, Nelly Daur2, Abigail Varughese2

  • 1Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology and Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102 bucher@njit.edu.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|December 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) can amplify slow modulations in neural bursting activity. High-pass filtering of bursts enhances low-frequency components, while low-pass filtering attenuates them, impacting signal processing.

Keywords:
burstingdepressionfacilitationfrequency filteringoscillationsshort-term synaptic plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Biology
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) typically masks neural signal dynamics under regular activity.
  • Multiple-frequency inputs reveal canonical STP effects, but complex oscillatory patterns present unique challenges.
  • Understanding how synaptic dynamics filter signals with multiple frequency bands is crucial for neuronal communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how dynamic neuromuscular synapses amplify slow modulations in bursting inputs.
  • To model the effects of facilitation and depression on the contrast of synaptic responses to modulated bursts.
  • To explore the role of synaptic recovery times and postsynaptic mechanisms in signal filtering.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a simple short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) model to analyze synaptic responses.
  • Simulated modulated bursting inputs with varying frequencies and spike numbers.
  • Employed a biophysical model of a postsynaptic cell to assess voltage-gated conductance contributions.

Main Results:

  • Facilitation enhances response contrast to strong/weak bursts, while depression diminishes it.
  • High-pass filtering amplifies low-frequency components of modulated bursting, contrary to intuition.
  • Synaptic filtering effects depend on release probability, recovery times, and burst period; memory across bursts alters contrast.
  • Subthreshold voltage-gated conductances significantly contribute to low-frequency modulation readout.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic dynamics act as filters, with STP significantly influencing signal processing of complex, multi-frequency inputs.
  • High-pass filtering of bursting activity can unexpectedly amplify slow modulations, offering new insights into neural signal processing.
  • Findings are relevant to sensory processing and the coupling of brain oscillations at different frequencies.