Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

1.7K
Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
1.7K
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

5.7K
Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
5.7K
Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings01:29

Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings

2.5K
Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique for managing acute respiratory failure and other respiratory complications. The process involves using a machine known as a ventilator to supply oxygen to the lungs and assist in removing carbon dioxide. It serves as a bridge to long-term mechanical ventilation or a temporary measure until ventilatory support is discontinued. The ventilator can maintain this function for a prolonged period, providing critical support for patients until they can...
2.5K
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

733
Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...
733
Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate01:20

Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

1.9K
Assessment of Ventilation
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:
1.9K
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

988
Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
988

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Lung- and diaphragm-protective mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Intensive care medicine·2026
Same author

Noninvasive Respiratory Support for Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine·2026
Same author

PEEP and alveolar recruitment after 60 years of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Intensive care medicine·2026
Same author

Airway Occlusions to Measure Inspiratory Effort, Respiratory Drive, and Lung Mechanics During Noninvasive Ventilation.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine·2026
Same author

Integrated comprehensive assessment for predicting weaning success in difficult-to-wean critically ill patients: the WEAN-US study.

Critical care (London, England)·2026
Same author

Determinants of tidal recruitment/derecruitment assessed by electrical impedance tomography in spontaneously breathing ARDS patients.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit
05:56

Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit

Published on: September 6, 2024

5.9K

Monitoring assisted ventilation in the hypoxemic patient.

Alessandro Cardu1,2, L Felipe Damiani3, Tommaso Rosà2,4

  • 1Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Minerva Anestesiologica
|December 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Balancing ventilator support and patient effort is crucial for hypoxemic respiratory failure patients. Monitoring respiratory mechanics and lung stress helps prevent lung injury during spontaneous breathing, guiding safe invasive ventilation.

More Related Videos

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care
14:28

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

Published on: May 10, 2024

2.1K
Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
07:52

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Published on: January 29, 2011

16.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit
05:56

Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit

Published on: September 6, 2024

5.9K
Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care
14:28

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

Published on: May 10, 2024

2.1K
Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
07:52

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Published on: January 29, 2011

16.7K

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Mechanical Ventilation

Background:

  • Achieving balance between ventilator support and patient effort is essential in assisted ventilation for hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS.
  • Contemporary approaches encourage spontaneous breathing while avoiding excessive inspiratory effort to prevent lung or diaphragm injury.
  • Spontaneous breathing is beneficial in mild-moderate hypoxemia but can be injurious in moderate-to-severe cases, particularly with low respiratory system compliance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a practical overview of monitoring techniques for safe and effective spontaneous breathing during invasive ventilation in hypoxemic patients.
  • To explain the physiological rationale behind monitoring respiratory drive, effort, mechanics, and lung stress.
  • To guide clinicians in detecting and managing harmful inflation patterns and preventing self-inflicted lung injury.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the first effort against an end-expiratory occlusion to assess respiratory drive (P0.1) and inspiratory effort (ΔPocc).
  • Measurement of plateau pressure to estimate total lung stress and calculate respiratory system compliance and driving pressure.
  • Bedside monitoring techniques integrated for comprehensive understanding of patient's respiratory mechanics and workload.

Main Results:

  • P0.1 optimal range: 1-4 cmH2O for respiratory drive intensity.
  • ΔPocc optimal range: 5-14 cmH2O for inspiratory effort.
  • Driving pressure >12 cmH2O is associated with increased mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Monitoring respiratory drive, effort, mechanics, and lung stress is vital for preventing self-inflicted lung injury during invasive ventilation.
  • Bedside measurements of P0.1, ΔPocc, and driving pressure provide crucial insights into patient-ventilator interaction and lung stress.
  • Integrating these monitoring techniques enables safe and effective maintenance of spontaneous breathing in hypoxemic patients.