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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: A Model to Study the Systemic and Local Dynamics of CD8+ T Cells During LN Metastasis

Author Spotlight: A Model to Study the Systemic and Local Dynamics of CD8⁺ T Cells During LN Metastasis

Published on: January 26, 2024

Un-LOX-ing tumor immune barriers.

Tuyen T Dang¹, Srinivas Malladi²

¹Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Developmental Cell

|December 2, 2025

Summary

Researchers identified two distinct subtypes of renal cell carcinoma tumor thrombi. One aggressive subtype (TT1) features LOX-expressing cancer cells in an immunosuppressive microenvironment that excludes CD8+ T cells.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Cell Biology
Immunology

Background:

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can form tumor thrombi within blood vessels.
Understanding the heterogeneity of these tumor thrombi is crucial for effective treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize distinct molecular subtypes of renal cell carcinoma tumor thrombi.
To elucidate the cellular composition and microenvironmental features of these subtypes.

Main Methods:

Transcriptomic analysis of tumor thrombus samples.
Immunohistochemistry to identify specific cell populations and markers.

Main Results:

Identification of two transcriptionally distinct RCC tumor thrombus subtypes.
The aggressive TT1 subtype exhibits LOX-expressing cancer cells.
TT1 subtype microenvironment is immunosuppressive, featuring THBS2+ fibroblasts and GPNMB+ macrophages.
CD8+ T cells are excluded from the TT1 subtype microenvironment.

Conclusions:

RCC tumor thrombi are heterogeneous, with distinct subtypes.
The TT1 subtype is characterized by specific cellular players and an immunosuppressive microenvironment.
These findings provide insights into the biology of RCC tumor thrombi and potential therapeutic targets.