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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Biocytin Recovery and 3D Reconstructions of Filled Hippocampal CA2 Interneurons
Published on: November 20, 2018
Reconstructing the human brain's wiring diagram from axons up
Sarah R Heilbronner1, R Clay Reid2, Tanya K Casta3
1Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Abstract:
The human brain's long-range axonal connections are the scaffolding for communication across functionally distinct areas. Yet knowledge of the human brain's wiring diagram remains limited, largely due to longstanding technological challenges. Recent innovations in microscopy may now enable mapping human brain connectivity at the mesoscale (groups of neurons and their axons). In this review we describe the challenges of generating the wiring diagrams of the human brain, avenues forward, and reasons why such an effort is so important. We argue for building a human mesoscale connectome via a multimodal, multi-species, axon-centric approach, focusing on where axons begin and end to reconstruct connectivity across spatial resolutions. Finally, we consider the utility of a potential exemplar connectome for both clinical applications and research.
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