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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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<i>In situ</i> studies of reversible solid-gas reactions of ethylene responsive silver pyrazolates.

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Cation Adaptive Structures Based on Manganese Cyanide Prussian Blue Analogues: Application of Powder Diffraction Data to Solve Complex, Unprecedented Stoichiometries and New Structure Types.

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Ferrimagnetic Ordering and Anomalous Stoichiometry Observed for the Cubic, Extended 3D Prussian Blue Analogues (NEt<sub>3</sub> Me)<sub>2</sub> Mn<sup>II</sup> <sub>5</sub> (CN)<sub>12</sub> and (NEt<sub>2</sub> Me<sub>2</sub> )<sub>2</sub> Mn<sup>II</sup> <sub>5</sub> (CN)<sub>12</sub> : A Cation-Adaptive Structure.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
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X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

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Subtle details revealed via powder diffraction and validated by charge flipping.

Peter W Stephens1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

Acta Crystallographica Section B, Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials
|December 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Powder diffraction techniques reveal subtle details in materials science. Careful application of these methods offers new insights into crystalline structures.

Keywords:
charge flippingpowder diffraction

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Powder diffraction is a cornerstone technique in materials characterization.
  • Understanding the nuances of diffraction data is crucial for accurate structural analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive overview of modern powder diffraction.
  • To highlight the advanced applications and subtle information obtainable from powder diffraction data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current state-of-the-art powder diffraction methodologies.
  • Discussion of data analysis techniques and interpretation.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of the capabilities of powder diffraction.
  • Demonstration of how careful application uncovers intricate structural subtleties.

Conclusions:

  • Powder diffraction remains a powerful tool for materials research.
  • Advanced application allows for deeper understanding of crystalline materials.