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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
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MXene-Based Textile-Integrated Dry Electrodes for Surface Electromyography (sEMG).

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    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |December 3, 2025
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    Summary

    This study introduces a comfortable, textile-based dry electrode for surface electromyography (sEMG) using MXene layers. The novel design ensures stable adhesion and reliable signal quality for long-term wearable applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Wearable Technology

    Background:

    • Surface electromyography (sEMG) requires reliable, comfortable electrodes.
    • Existing dry electrodes often face challenges with adhesion, signal quality, and long-term wearability.
    • Textile integration offers potential for improved comfort and conformability in wearable biosensors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and characterize a textile-integrated dry sEMG electrode system utilizing a layered MXene structure.
    • To evaluate the adhesion, signal performance, and biocompatibility of the novel electrode design.
    • To demonstrate the potential for long-term, self-administered sEMG monitoring.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabric substrate pretreatment with tannic acid to enhance adhesion.
    • Deposition of layered MXene films onto the treated fabric.
    • Morphological and chemical analysis (FTIR) for material characterization.
    • Mechanical testing (tensile peeling) for adhesion assessment.
    • Skin-contact impedance and sEMG signal measurements.

    Main Results:

    • Tannic acid pretreatment successfully enhanced adhesion and MXene deposition.
    • The textile-integrated electrodes exhibited stable adhesion and reliable sEMG signal transmission comparable to gel electrodes.
    • Multi-layered MXene electrodes demonstrated superior sEMG signal strength.
    • The electrodes showed no skin irritation or residue and maintained integrity under mechanical stress.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed MXene-based textile electrode system offers a comfortable and effective solution for dry sEMG.
    • The tannic acid pretreatment and layered MXene structure are key to achieving robust performance.
    • This technology holds promise for advanced biomedical engineering and human-machine interfacing applications.