A method for measuring closed-loop latency in gaze-contingent rendering without extra equipment

In gaze-contingent rendering, the visual stimulus rendered on a display changes based on where the observer is looking. This technique allows researchers to achieve dynamic control over stimulus placement on the retina in the presence of eye movements and is often used to investigate how sensory processing and perception vary across the visual field. Precise stimulus placement using gaze-contingent rendering depends on minimizing the temporal latency between a change in the observer's gaze position, measured using an eye tracker, and the corresponding change to the stimulus. This latency, however, can be challenging to measure reliably. Here, we present a simple method for measuring system latency that requires no additional hardware beyond the eye tracker and display, which are already part of the gaze-contingent system. Two small circles are rendered on the display to simulate the appearance of two pupils. The eye tracker is pointed towards the display to record both pupils simultaneously. One pupil is drawn based on a pre-determined trajectory, for example, moving up and down at a constant speed. The second pupil is "gaze-contingent": it is drawn based on the measured position of the first pupil. The time-lag at which the position of the second pupil matches the first pupil gives the closed-loop latency of the entire system. To validate this method, we added artificial rendering delays to our system and produced measured latencies that precisely corresponded to predictions, given the refresh rate of the display. This method provides a simple, low-cost way of precisely quantifying gaze-contingent rendering latencies, with no additional hardware required.