Biopharmaceuticals: importance, application, function - a narrative review

Biologically active medical products (biopharmaceuticals) are substances related to the natural molecules present in the organism that affect the process regulation. These drugs can exert effects imitating the functions of natural proteins, as well as by affecting cellular receptors or interacting with the natural, biologically active molecules in the organism, most frequently participating in signal transduction. Due to the structure and targeted activity mechanisms, they are characterized by high therapeutic specificity. This article presents biopharmaceuticals that influence the modulation of the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcriptional signaling pathways, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, neoplastic, hematological, skin, and rheumatic diseases. It is assumed that disturbed cellular signals within these pathways may also be significant for the development of oral cavity diseases, including periodontitis. A thorough understanding of the ways of transmission and activation of the subsequent signaling pathways involved in protein synthesis will allow for a more accurate and in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms behind the onset and development of numerous diseases. It will facilitate the development and implementation of targeted therapies that directly inhibit the JAK-STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways, which initiate inflammatory reactions in the cell. In combination with the therapeutic methods used so far, modification of the host's response at the molecular level may offer promising therapeutic benefits.

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