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Related Concept Videos

Binge Eating Disorders01:23

Binge Eating Disorders

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Binge eating disorder is a significant mental health condition characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption within a short period, accompanied by a perceived loss of control over eating behavior. Unlike occasional overeating, binge eating disorder is marked by distressing emotions such as guilt, shame, and anxiety following binge episodes. The disorder affects individuals across different ages and backgrounds, with profound implications for physical and psychological...
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Anorexia Nervosa01:28

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Anorexia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain, an unrelenting pursuit of thinness, and a distorted body image. It often leads to dangerously low body weight relative to an individual's age and height. This disorder is marked by significant physical and psychological consequences, making it one of the most life-threatening psychiatric illnesses.
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Bulimia Nervosa01:30

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Bulimia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by a cyclical pattern of binge-and-purge eating pattern. It generally involves an episode of binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, excessive exercise, laxative use, or fasting, to prevent weight gain. Despite often maintaining a normal weight, individuals with bulimia are intensely preoccupied with their body image and harbor an overwhelming fear of gaining weight. This can contribute to the...
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System
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Co-Occurring Weight- and/or Shape-Motivated Restriction in 5747 Adults With Probable Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake

Liv Hog1, Casey M MacDermod2, Jennifer P White3

  • 1Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

The International Journal of Eating Disorders
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The DSM-5-TR criteria for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) may not accurately capture complex symptoms in adults. Co-occurring weight and shape concerns with ARFID indicate more severe presentations, suggesting diagnostic revisions are needed.

Keywords:
ARFIDbody image disturbancediagnostic criteriaeating disordersweight and shape concern

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Eating Disorders Research

Background:

  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) prohibits diagnosing avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) alongside anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or body image disturbances.
  • This diagnostic exclusion may not reflect the complex symptomatology observed in clinical practice and emerging research.
  • There is a potential need to revise DSM-5-TR criteria to better encompass the spectrum of ARFID presentations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the co-occurrence of weight- and/or shape-motivated restriction (WSR) in adults who screened positive for ARFID.
  • To provide empirical evidence to inform potential revisions of the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for ARFID.
  • To examine how WSR influences the severity of ARFID symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • A large sample of 5747 adults who screened positive for ARFID was analyzed.
  • Participants were categorized into four groups: ARFID with AN (ARFID-AN), ARFID with BN (ARFID-BN), ARFID with WSR (ARFID-WSR), and ARFID without WSR (ARFID-nWSR).
  • Generalized linear models were used to compare groups on ARFID symptom severity measures (NIAS, PARDI-AR-Q) and eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) scores.

Main Results:

  • The ARFID-nWSR group exhibited significantly lower scores across ARFID dimensions compared to all other groups.
  • Participants in the ARFID-nWSR group had lower odds of meeting DSM-5-TR Criteria A1 to A3, related to weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, and dependence on nutritional supplements.
  • The presence of WSR alongside ARFID was associated with more severe ARFID symptomatology.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest a mixed phenotype where ARFID features combined with WSR are linked to more severe ARFID presentations.
  • The current DSM-5-TR criteria may fail to capture the complexity of real-world ARFID symptomatology in adults.
  • Individuals with the most severe symptoms, potentially including those with co-occurring WSR, may be precluded from accurate diagnosis and necessary treatment under existing criteria.