CO₂ uptake on fruit wastes-derived activated hydrochars: systematic modeling of adsorption kinetics and isotherms

Climate change mitigation requires efficient and low-cost approaches for carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture, and valorization of fruit waste offers a sustainable pathway to address this challenge. This study establishes a systematic modeling framework for interpreting CO₂ adsorption on activated hydrochars derived from banana and orange peels synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization. Multiple kinetic and isotherm models were evaluated using both the coefficient of determination ([Formula: see text]) and the Akaike Information Criterion ([Formula: see text]) to ensure robust comparison. Kinetic analyses revealed that the pseudo-second-order model ([Formula: see text] = 0.997, lowest [Formula: see text]) and Elovich model best describe the uptake behavior, indicating chemisorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Equilibrium data were most consistent with the Tóth and Sips models ([Formula: see text] > 0.99), supporting monolayer adsorption coupled with micropore filling. By combining statistical rigor with mechanistic interpretation, this work advances understanding of the adsorption mechanisms of fruit waste-derived hydrochars and highlights their promise as scalable and sustainable sorbents for CO₂ capture.