External Ophthalmomyiasis: A Comprehensive Review and Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment

External ophthalmomyiasis is an acute parasitic infection resulting from the infestation of ocular surface tissues by larvae of the order Diptera. It occurs more frequently in tropical and subtropical regions with inadequate sanitation, particularly among individuals in close contact with livestock. Patients often present with severe ocular irritation, including foreign body sensation, redness, pain, and increased lacrimation; severe cases may develop complications such as keratitis or intraocular involvement. Diagnosis primarily relies on the direct visualization of larvae under slit-lamp microscopy. The cornerstone of treatment involves the mechanical removal of larvae under topical anesthesia, supplemented by local application of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. This review systematically summarizes current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, clinical features, and management advances, with the aim of enhancing clinical recognition and therapeutic outcomes.