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Improving interference control without conflict exposure: prefrontal fNIRS-decoded neurofeedback training.

Lingwei Zeng1,2, Wanying Xing1, Di Wu1

  • 1Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Medical Psychology, Xi'an, China.

Neurophotonics
|December 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-decoded neurofeedback training significantly improved interference control by modifying prefrontal brain activity. This individualized approach offers a novel alternative to traditional therapies for cognitive enhancement and psychological disorders.

Keywords:
decoded neurofeedbackfunctional near-infrared spectroscopyinterference controlmultivariate pattern analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Brain-Computer Interfaces

Background:

  • Traditional therapies like exposure therapy require repeated stimulus presentation, potentially causing distress.
  • Existing neuromodulation techniques often overlook individual brain variations.
  • There is a need for non-invasive methods to enhance cognitive functions like interference control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate a closed-loop neuromodulation approach using functional near-infrared spectroscopy-decoded neurofeedback (fNIRS-DecNef).
  • To enhance interference control by modifying prefrontal hemoglobin dynamics and neural activity patterns.
  • To offer an individualized, data-driven alternative to traditional cognitive training methods.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a randomized, double-blind, between-group design comparing fNIRS-DecNef (n=20) with a Sham group (n=25).
  • Developed individualized decoders with 1-s temporal resolution using the color-word Stroop task (CWST).
  • Conducted 3 days of 25-min daily neurofeedback training sessions, assessing interference control via CWST pre-training, post-training, and at 1-week follow-up.

Main Results:

  • The fNIRS-DecNef group showed a significant reduction in the Stroop effect (reaction time) compared to the Sham group at post-test and follow-up.
  • Hemodynamic response function difference wave amplitude significantly decreased in the DecNef group post-training.
  • Multivariate pattern analysis revealed higher classification accuracy in the DecNef group, correlating negatively with Stroop effect improvements.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed closed-loop fNIRS-DecNef approach effectively modifies prefrontal neural dynamics.
  • This individualized, time-resolved decoding method significantly improves interference control without adverse stimuli.
  • fNIRS-DecNef holds potential for cognitive enhancement and treating psychological disorders like phobias and PTSD.