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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Aquaporins01:25

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Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
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Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Molecular and pore-scale structure evolution in amorphous solid water.

Zachary Amato1,2, Sabrina Gärtner1,2, Pierre Ghesquière2

  • 1ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK. zachary.amato@stfc.ac.uk.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|December 5, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amorphous solid water (ASW) pore structure changes significantly with annealing, losing porosity and surface area. This impacts astrophysical processes like star formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Astrochemistry
  • Physics

Background:

  • Amorphous solid water (ASW) is crucial for astrophysical processes, including star and planetary formation.
  • Understanding ASW's pore structure is key to modeling these cosmic phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively characterize the pore structure of deuterated ASW (D2O ASW).
  • To investigate the influence of temperature on D2O ASW morphology and porosity.

Main Methods:

  • Combined total and small-angle neutron scattering techniques were employed.
  • Deuterated amorphous solid water (D2O ASW) was studied across a temperature range of 20 to 180 K.

Main Results:

  • Significant morphological changes observed between 100 K and 150 K.
  • Loss of specific surface area and porosity, with a transition from 3D to 2D pore shapes.
  • Annealing leads to compaction, evolving from microporous islands to larger voids, with residual porosity even after crystallization.

Conclusions:

  • ASW undergoes substantial structural evolution with increasing temperature.
  • The observed changes in porosity and morphology have implications for astrophysical models.
  • Persistent void volume contributes to porosity even after ice crystallization.