Versatile bioactive polyphenolic coatings for bone tissue regeneration: from assembly strategies to biointerface...

There is still a huge challenge in achieving efficient osseointegration between the implant and local bone tissue at the initial stage of implantation, because the bone-implant interface is usually exposed to abnormal microenvironments such as oxidative stress, infection, and bone homeostasis imbalance. Recently, polyphenol-inspired biointerfacial materials have received much attention for enhancing osseointegration due to their unique structural characteristics and biological functions. Polyphenolic biological coatings have shown great potential in providing adjustable physicochemical cues that improve biointerface interactions, thereby promoting bone integration and bone repair by regulating the tissue microenvironment and participating in cellular events. This review briefly outlines the regulatory effects of polyphenols on osteogenesis, introduces the interfacial adhesion mechanisms and construction strategies of polyphenolic coatings, and focuses on the biochemical and biophysical interactions occurring at the cell-polyphenol interface. Our aim is to offer guidance for the rational design of polyphenol related functional coatings and to accelerate the translation of polyphenol platforms from laboratory research into orthopedic clinical applications.