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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

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Solid-state nanopore fabrication via controlled dielectric breakdown: Progress and prospects.

Xuejian Cui1, Shaoxi Fang2, Wanyi Xie2

  • 1Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, PR China.

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
|December 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Controlled dielectric breakdown (CBD) offers a low-cost, scalable method for fabricating solid-state nanopores for single-molecule analysis. Advanced CBD strategies enable precise, deterministic nanopore formation for biosensing applications.

Keywords:
Controlled dielectric breakdownDielectric breakdown mechanismsNanopore fabricationSolid-state nanopore

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Solid-state nanopores are crucial for single-molecule analysis of biomolecules like DNA and proteins.
  • Traditional nanopore fabrication methods are often expensive and complex.
  • Controlled dielectric breakdown (CBD) is an in-situ technique for fabricating nanopores in insulating materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles and advancements in controlled dielectric breakdown (CBD) for nanopore fabrication.
  • To highlight strategies for improving the precision and scalability of CBD.
  • To discuss future directions for CBD in single-molecule biosensing.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of dielectric breakdown mechanisms (thermal, electrical, chemical).
  • Review of strategies for localized area thinning and electric field control.
  • Examination of in-situ monitoring via leakage currents.

Main Results:

  • CBD provides a low-cost, scalable alternative to lithography for nanopore fabrication.
  • Advanced CBD techniques enable deterministic sub-2 nm nanopore formation with tunable morphology.
  • CBD has evolved from a probabilistic method to a versatile fabrication platform.

Conclusions:

  • Controlled dielectric breakdown is a rapidly advancing technique for scalable nanopore fabrication.
  • CBD offers a promising platform for next-generation single-molecule biosensing and sequencing.
  • Future research should focus on microfluidic integration and novel dielectric materials for CBD.