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Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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Components of empathy: A Delphi study.

Monika Byrne1, Svetlana Daly1, Clare M McCann1

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

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|December 5, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Experts defined key empathy components for helping professions. The definition includes self-reflection, emotional intelligence, self-awareness, avoiding judgment, active listening, and helpful action for better training and assessment.

Keywords:
Empathy componentsEmpathy developmentHealthcareHelping professions

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Healthcare Education
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Empathy is crucial in helping professions.
  • A clear definition of empathy components is needed for professional development and training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the essential components and sub-skills of empathy within the helping professions.
  • To establish a consensus-based definition through expert discussion.

Main Methods:

  • A three-round online Delphi study involving experts from various helping professions in Australia and New Zealand.
  • Literature review of healthcare education, affective neuroscience, and psychology to draft initial components.
  • Expert rating and feedback collection to refine and finalize the definition with a 70% agreement threshold.

Main Results:

  • Forty-three experts participated in round 2, with 25 in round 3.
  • Eight out of 12 initial components achieved 70% agreement in round 2.
  • Refined components, including new additions and updated versions, were finalized based on expert feedback.

Conclusions:

  • The finalized definition emphasizes sustainable empathy demonstration and core skills: self-reflection, emotional intelligence, self-awareness, non-judgment, active listening, and helpful action.
  • This definition can inform the development of empathy-focused educational programs.
  • The definition provides a basis for creating accurate measures of empathy proficiency in students.